https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33376415/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755347/
As to why Tranexamic acid is an anti-inflammatory, it seems to be related to its common use as a blood coagulant:Tranexamic Acid Improves Memory and Learning Abilities in Aging Mice
Keiichi Hiramoto1 , Yurika Yamate1 , Kazunari Matsuda2 , Daijiro Sugiyama2 , Yasutaka Iizuka2
Affiliations
1: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
2: R&D Department, Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., LTD, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 103-8234, Japan.
J Exp Pharmacol. 2020 Dec 18;12:653-663. doi: 10.2147/JEP.S284532. eCollection 2020.
Abstract
Purpose: Although the onset mechanism of Alzheimer's disease, which co-occurs with aging, has been extensively studied, no effective methods that improve the decline in memory and learning abilities following aging have been developed. Tranexamic acid provided promising results for ameliorating photo-aging and extending the natural lifespan. However, it is unknown whether it affects the decline in memory and learning abilities due to aging. In this study, we examined the effect of tranexamic acid on the memory and learning abilities of naturally aging mice.
Methods: ICR mice were orally administered with tranexamic acid (12 mg/kg/day) three times weekly for 2 years, and their memory and learning abilities were compared between the tranexamic acid-treated and non-treated groups.
Results: The decline in memory and learning abilities due to aging was ameliorated by tranexamic acid administration. The expression of plasmin and amyloid-β decreased following the treatment with tranexamic acid. Furthermore, the number of M1-type brain macrophages diminished and that of M2 macrophages increased. In addition, administration of tranexamic acid decreased the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, while it increased the levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-α in the brain.
Conclusion: These results indicated that tranexamic acid suppressed the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines aging M1-type macrophages, thereby improving age-related memory and learning abilities.
Keywords: IL-1β; M1-type macrophage; M2-type macrophage; TNF-α; chronic inflammation; plasmin.
Although I need to put on a CoI note here: while the paper does not list CoI's, this paper seems to be associated with Daiichi-Sankyo, which markets OTC products of tranexamic acid.Plasmin inhibits arachidonic acid, increasing the level of prostaglandins (PGs), which is a metabolite of arachidonic acid.21 PG is associated with the induction of acute inflammation and the secretion of cytokines during chronic inflammation.21 Therefore, owing to its anti-plasmin function, tranexamic acid exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect.
