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A significant time×treatment group interaction was observed for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (repeated-measures analysis; time×treatment; F=3·85, P<0·05). Subsequent analysis revealed that this association was driven by a decline in function of the placebo group at 6 months that was not observed in the curcumin treatment group. No differences were observed between the groups for all other clinical and cognitive measures. Our findings suggest that further longitudinal assessment is required to investigate changes in cognitive outcome measures, ideally in conjunction with biological markers of neurodegeneration.

No differences between the treatment and placebo groups were observed in terms of the demographic and medical history variables evaluated (Table 1). Nevertheless, the placebo group performed significantly better at baseline in the digit symbol task (t=2·98, P<0·01), the MoCA (t=2·10, P<0·05) and cognitive composite (non-computerised) scores (t=2·40, P<0·05)...

The time×treatment variable was significant for the MoCA score (time×treatment; F=3·85, P<0·05; Table 3 and Fig. 2); however, it is important to note that the time variable itself was not significant (F=1·64, P=0·20). Mean MoCA scores improved by 0·64 points in the curcumin group and by 0·09 points in the placebo group from baseline to 12 months (Table 3 and Fig. 2). To assess whether the significant interaction observed in the repeated-measures analysis was driven by the decreased performance of the placebo group at the 6-month follow-up (a result not consistent with the 12-month follow-up assessment; Table 3 and Fig. 2), the analysis was re-run excluding the 6-month MoCA scores for both treatment groups. Using baseline and 12-month MoCA performance only, no significant interaction between time and treatment groups was observed (F=1·36, P=0·25; Table 3). No other differences in cognitive test performance were observed across the treatment groups.